Ethereum researcher Toni Wahrstätter outlined the three gates preventing true censorship resistance for privacy protocols. Today, privacy protocols like Tornado Cash rely on relayers, third-party intermediaries who sponsor transaction fees on behalf of users making private withdrawals. Relayers are centralized, occasionally offline, and represent a censorship risk.

Frame Transactions EIP-8141 could eliminate the need for relayers entirely by allowing withdrawal fees to be paid directly from the withdrawn funds themselves. Wahrstätter argues that targeted changes, treating privacy pools as trusted canonical contracts, raising gas limits for their specific verification logic, and allowing lightweight nodes to selectively track pool data, enable privacy transactions to achieve the same censorship resistance guarantees as ordinary Ethereum transactions.

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